• 1.四川大學(xué)華西臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院教務(wù)部（成都 610041）2.四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院感染性疾病中心3.四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院循證醫(yī)學(xué)與臨床流行病學(xué)中心;

目的 　探索留學(xué)生教學(xué)評(píng)估模式，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，循證解決，持續(xù)改進(jìn)留學(xué)生教學(xué)質(zhì)量。
方法 　通過預(yù)評(píng)估來完善評(píng)估方法，并向相關(guān)部門和師生傳達(dá)意圖。首先采用自行設(shè)計(jì)的調(diào)查問卷收集四川大學(xué)華西臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院兩個(gè)年級(jí)86名留學(xué)生的反饋，分析總結(jié)目前留學(xué)生教學(xué)中存在的問題。然后針對(duì)問題循證擬定可能的改進(jìn)措施清單，并在此基礎(chǔ)上采用兩輪共識(shí)決策法，在管理部門、教研室（教師）及學(xué)生間達(dá)成一致，形成可行的改進(jìn)措施。最后由教研室和管理部門出臺(tái)相應(yīng)的激勵(lì)機(jī)制，促進(jìn)實(shí)施。在此過程中收集學(xué)生和教研室（教師）對(duì)此評(píng)估模式和決策模式的態(tài)度。
結(jié)果 　教師的英語水平是目前最大的問題，目前所采用的傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)方式難以令留學(xué)生感到滿意，課程安排也存在不合理之處，實(shí)習(xí)時(shí)間偏少。針對(duì)問題，我們擬定了14條可能的解決措施供管理、教學(xué)、學(xué)生三方選擇。結(jié)果所有的學(xué)生和教研室（教師）均同意本評(píng)估和決策方法，同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些課程評(píng)估模式中值得改進(jìn)的地方。
結(jié)論 　本次課程預(yù)評(píng)估為推動(dòng)我院留學(xué)生教學(xué)改進(jìn)進(jìn)行了有益的嘗試。我院應(yīng)加大對(duì)留學(xué)生師資英語能力的培養(yǎng)，教學(xué)模式應(yīng)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向“以學(xué)生為中心”。本教學(xué)評(píng)估模式應(yīng)形成制度，長期執(zhí)行，并在實(shí)踐中不斷完善。

引用本文： 姚巡,殷好,卿平,劉關(guān)鍵,賴亞寧,萬學(xué)紅. 基于問題，循證改進(jìn)醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生教學(xué)及管理：課程預(yù)評(píng)估及其長效機(jī)制探討. 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2007, 07(5): 355-366. doi: 復(fù)制

版權(quán)信息： ?四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院華西期刊社《中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》版權(quán)所有，未經(jīng)授權(quán)不得轉(zhuǎn)載、改編

1. Yang MS, Gu H. Discussion of bilingual education in medical science. China Higher Medical Education, 2003, (3): 8-10.
2. Zhang MM. Participating in WHO World Alliance for Patient Safety and Meet New Challenges. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2005, 5(12): 887-889.
3. Wan XH, Yao X, Qing P. From Greenhouse Back to Nature：Medical Education Learns From Andragogy. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2007, 7(5): 327-329.
4. Wan XH, Zhang XL. Evidence-Based Research of Medical Education. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2006, 6(5): 318-320.
5. Liang Y, Li JR, Wang JY. Teaching Experience in teaching Overseas Medical Students. Journal of Shanxi Medical University, 2004, 6(4): 375-377.
6. Chen N. Practice and Experience on Pathophysiology Teaching of Overseas Medical Students. Journal of Shanxi Medical University, 2006, 8(2): 132-134.
7. Wang NP, Liu XZ. The Research and Practice in Teaching Model to Foreign Medical College Students. Researches in Medical Education, 2006, 5(8): 724-725.
8. Xiao N, Liang ZQ, Yan XR. Experience on Teaching of Surgery general introduction of Overseas Medical Students. Journal of Guangxi Medical University, 2006(23): 227-228.
9. Ma ZM, Li YF. Analysis of Present Situation and Strategy Research on Teaching of Foreign Students in Xi’an Jiaotong University. Northwest Medical Education, 2005, 13(6): 620-621.
10. Zhou W, Xiong ZA, Zhou H, et al. Reflection on the Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Researches in Medical Education, 2005, 4(5): 331-332.
11. Zhou Y, Shen Q, Zhou YJ, et al. Teaching Practice on Biochemistry Teaching of Overseas Medical Students. Journal of Shanxi Medical University(Preclinical Medical Education Edition), 2006, 9(1): 27-29.
12. Chen P, Zang WJ, Lei L. Reform in Teaching for International Students at Chinese Colleges and Universities of Western Medicine. Northwest Medical Education, 2005, 13(4): 349-351.
13. Huang JE, Yu XJ, Fan LP, et al. Analysis of Learning Quality Influencing Factors of Foreign Students on English Teaching of Medical Courses. China Higher Medical Education, 2006(3): 2-4.
14. Shi SJ, Zhi JS, Shao H. Exploration on Systematic Anatomy Experiment Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Journal of Shanxi Medical University, 2006, 8(4): 416-417.
15. Sun YH, Li JH. Reflection on the Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Northwest Medical Education, 2006, 14(4): 468-469.
16. LIu H, Gao Q, Huo XW. Exploration on Bilingual Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Northwest Medical Education, 2006, 14(5): 558-559.
17. Shi HL. Application and Exploration on Bilingual Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Liaoning Education Research, 2006(1): 82-83.
18. Li XX, Zhong QP, Zi ZQ. PBL Teching Model is the Developing Trend of the Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Journal of Shanxi Medical University, 2006, 8(4): 380-382.
19. Shi PJ. To Promote Educational Reform in China and to Adapt to International Education Standard. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2005, 5(7): 505-508.
20. Ni CB. An Analysis of the Learning Needs of International Learners of Chinese in China. Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies, 2007(1): 68-76.
21. Zhong JJ, Li LL, Hai MT, et al. Practice and Reflection on the Teaching of Histology and Embryology to the Foreign Medical Students. China Higher Medical Education, 2006(9): 49-50.
22. Cao YQ, Liu J, Fan XL, et al. The research of physiology teaching content and methods for foreign students. China Medical Education Technology, 2003, 17(2): 79-81.
23. Lv ZR. Evidence-Based Medicine: the Highlighted Area of Medical Education in 21st Century. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2003, 3(4): 277-279.
24. Chen J, Li J, Li YP. Teaching Evidence-Based Medicine: a New Practice in Medical Education. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2003, 3(4): 273-276.
25. Haskell RE. Academic Freedom, Tenure, and Student Evaluation of Faculty: Galloping Polls In The 21st Century. Education Policy Analysis Archives 1997, 5(6).
26. Heidi M. Anderson, Jeff Cain, Bird E. Online Student Course Evaluations: Review of Literature and a Pilot Study. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 2005, 69(1): 34-43.
27. Gotoh T, Ishikawa T, Luo S, et al. Student evaluation of faculty teaching in molecular anatomy course at Nippon Medical School: results of a questionnaire survey, Kaibogaku Zasshi, 2006, 81(3): 89-94.
28. ELZUBEIR M, RIZK D. Evaluating the quality of teaching in medical education: are we using the evidence for both formative and summative purposes? Medical Teacher, 2002, 24(3): 313-319.
29. Cornelius-White J. Learner-Centered Teacher-Student Relationships Are Effective: A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research, 2007, 77(1): 113-143.
30. Wahlqvist M, Skott A, Bjorkelund C, et al. Impact of medical students’ descriptive evaluations on long-term course development. BMC Med Educ, 2006, 6:24.
31. Davidovitch N, Soen D. Using students’ assessments to improve instructors’ quality of teaching. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 2006, 30(4): 351-376.
32. Louie B, Byrne N, Wasylenki D. From feedback to reciprocity. Developing a student-centered approach to course evaluation. Eval Health Prof, 1996, 19(2): 231-242.
33. Cohen PA. Student Ratings of Instruction and Student Achievement: A Meta-analysis of Multisection Validity Studies. Review of Educational Research, 1981, 51(3): 281-309.
34. 萬學(xué)紅, 張曉蘭. 醫(yī)學(xué)教育的循證研究. 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2006, 6(5): 318-320.
35. Hattie J, Timperley H. The Power of Feedback. Review of Educational Research, 2007, 77(1): 81-112.
36. Chen JY, Lee MC, Lee HS, et al. An online evaluation of problem-based learning (PBL) in Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan - a pilot study. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 2006, 35(9): 624-633.
37. Russell GC, Cordingley M. Using student, teacher and practice supervisor feedback to improve the quality of nurse education: how should we collect it and what should we do with it? J Adv Nurs, 1996, 24(5): 1042-1046.
38. Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 5, Statistical inference techniques for hypothesis testing with nonparametric data. Ann Emerg Med, 1990, 19(9): 1054-1059.
39. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, et al. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2003, 3(25).
40. Fink A, Kosecoff J, Chassin M, et al. Consensus methods: characteristics and guidelines for use. American Journal of Public Health, 1984, 74:979-983.
41. Straus S E, Richardson W S, Glasziou P, et al. Evidence based medicine. How to practice and teach EBM. the third edition: Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2005: 31-65.
42. 梁玉, 李金茹, 王俊艷. 醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生英語授課班教學(xué)體會(huì). 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)教育版), 2004, 6(4): 375-377.
43. 陳寧. 病理生理學(xué)留學(xué)生教學(xué)實(shí)踐及體會(huì). 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)教育版), 2006, 8(2): 132-134.
44. 王南平, 劉先哲. 留學(xué)生教學(xué)模式的探索與實(shí)踐. 醫(yī)學(xué)教育探索, 2006, 5(8): 724-725.
45. 肖南, 梁自乾, 嚴(yán)秀榮. 淺談臨床醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)外語班留學(xué)生外科學(xué)總論教學(xué)的體會(huì). 廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2006(23): 227-228.
46. 馬兆明, 李艷芬. 西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生教育現(xiàn)狀分析與對(duì)策研究. 西北醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2005, 13(6): 620-621.
47. 周瑋, 熊正愛, 周虹, 等. 醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生教學(xué)中的幾點(diǎn)思考. 醫(yī)學(xué)教育探索, 2005, 4(5): 331-332.
48. 周艷, 沈勤, 周亞軍, 等. 醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生生物化學(xué)教學(xué)實(shí)踐. 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)教育版), 2006, 9(1): 27-29.
49. 陳萍, 臧偉進(jìn), 雷莉. 中國西醫(yī)院校外國留學(xué)生教學(xué)改革思路. 西北醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2005, 13(4): 349-351.
50. 黃巨恩, 余仙菊, 范麗萍, 等. 醫(yī)學(xué)課程英語教學(xué)中外國留學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量影響因素的分析. 中國高等醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2006(3): 2-4.
51. 時(shí)淑娟, 智建生, 邵珩. 留學(xué)生系統(tǒng)解剖學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)初探. 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)教育版), 2006, 8(4): 416-417.
52. 孫艷華, 李紀(jì)紅. 關(guān)于醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生教學(xué)的體會(huì). 西北醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2006, 14(4): 468-469.
53. 劉浩, 高琴, 霍雄偉. 醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生雙語教學(xué)初探. 西北醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2006, 14(5): 558-559.
54. 施海龍. 雙語(英語) 教學(xué)模式在醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生培養(yǎng)中的應(yīng)用及探討. 遼寧教育研究, 2006(1): 82-83.
55. 李曉霞, 鐘啟平, 訾自強(qiáng). PBL 教學(xué)模式是留學(xué)生教學(xué)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì). 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)教育版), 2006, 8(4): 380-382.
56. 石鵬建. 適應(yīng)醫(yī)學(xué)教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)國際化，積極推進(jìn)我國醫(yī)學(xué)教育改革. 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2005, 5(7): 505-508.
57. Sally W, Nalesnik, Jason O, Heaton, Cara H, Olsen, et al, Incorporating problem-based learning into an obstetrics/gynecology clerkship: Impact on student satisfaction and grades. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2004(190): 1375-1381.
58. Massonetto JC, Marcellini C, Assis PSR, et al. Student responses to the introduction of case-based learning and practical activities into a theoretical obstetrics and gynaecology teaching programme. BMC Medical Education, 2004, 4:26.
59. Hansen WF FK, Sipe CS, Sorosky J. Attitudes of faculty and students toward case-based learning in the third-year obstetrics and gynecology clerkship. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 192(2): 644-647.
60. Niemantsverdriet S, van der Vleuten CP, Majoor GD, et al. The learning processes of international students through the eyes of foreign supervisors. Med Teach, 2006, 28(4): e104-111.
61. Niemantsverdriet S, van der Vleuten CP, Majoor GD, et al. An explorative study into learning on international traineeships: experiential learning processes dominate. Med Educ, 2005, 39(12): 1236-1242.
62. 倪傳斌. 外國留學(xué)生漢語的學(xué)習(xí)需求分析. 語言教學(xué)與研究, 2007(1): 68-76.
63. 鐘近潔, 李琳琳, 海米提, 等. 留學(xué)生開設(shè)組織胚胎學(xué)課程的實(shí)踐與體會(huì). 中國高等醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2006(9): 49-50.
64. 曹英強(qiáng), 劉健, 樊小力, 等. 留學(xué)生生理課程教學(xué)內(nèi)容及方法的研究. 中國醫(yī)學(xué)教育技術(shù), 2003, 17(2): 79-81.
65. 呂卓人. 循證醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)該成為21 世紀(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)教育的重要內(nèi)容. 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2003, 3(4): 277-279.
66. 陳進(jìn), 李靜, 李幼平. 循證醫(yī)學(xué)教學(xué)——高等醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新教育實(shí)踐. 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2003, 3(4): 273-276.
67. TURHAN K, YARIS F, NURAL E. Does Instructor Evaluation by Students Using a Web-Based Questionnaire Impact Instructor Performance? Advances in Health Sciences Education, 2005(10): 5-13.
68. DAVID KEMBER, LEUNG DYP, KWAN KP. Does the Use of Student Feedback Questionnaires Improve the Overall Quality of Teaching? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 2002, 27(5): 411-425.
69. NASSER F, FRESKO B. Faculty Views of Student Evaluation of College Teaching. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 2002, 27(2): 187-198.
70. Nelia M. Afonso, Lavoisier J. Cardozo, Oswald A.J. Mascarenhas, et al. Are Anonymous Evaluations a Better Assessment of Faculty Teaching Performance? A Comparative Analysis of Open and Anonymous Evaluation Processes. Fam Med, 2005, 37(1): 43-47.
71. WORTHINGTON AC. Characteristics on Teaching Evaluations: a case study in finance education. 2002, 27(1): 49-64.
72. Shea JA, Bellini LM. Evaluations of Clinical Faculty: The Impact of Level of Learner and Time of Year. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 2002, 14(2): 87-91.
73. Margaret L Boehler, David A Rogers, Cathy J Schwind, et al. An investigation of medical student reactions to feedback: a randomised controlled trial. Med Educ, 2006, 40(8): 746-749.
74. 楊明山, 顧璜. 醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)“雙語教學(xué)”的若干問題. 中國高等醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2003, (3): 8-10.
75. Crowley R, Gryzbicki D. Intelligent medical training systems. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 2006, 38:1-4.
76. 張鳴明. 參與WHO世界患者安全聯(lián)盟工作，迎接新挑戰(zhàn). 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2005, 5(12): 887-889.
77. Taipong Lam, Wan Xh, Ip MS-m. Current perspectives on medical education in China. Med Educ, 2006, 40(10): 940-949.
78. Michael Field, Geffen L, Walters T. Commentary: Current perspectives on medical education in China Med Educ, 2006, 40(10): 938-939.
79. 萬學(xué)紅, 姚巡, 卿平. 從“溫室”回歸“自然”：成人教育學(xué)理論對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)教育的啟示. 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2007, 7(5): 327-329.
  1. 1. Yang MS, Gu H. Discussion of bilingual education in medical science. China Higher Medical Education, 2003, (3): 8-10.
  2. 2. Zhang MM. Participating in WHO World Alliance for Patient Safety and Meet New Challenges. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2005, 5(12): 887-889.
  3. 3. Wan XH, Yao X, Qing P. From Greenhouse Back to Nature：Medical Education Learns From Andragogy. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2007, 7(5): 327-329.
  4. 4. Wan XH, Zhang XL. Evidence-Based Research of Medical Education. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2006, 6(5): 318-320.
  5. 5. Liang Y, Li JR, Wang JY. Teaching Experience in teaching Overseas Medical Students. Journal of Shanxi Medical University, 2004, 6(4): 375-377.
  6. 6. Chen N. Practice and Experience on Pathophysiology Teaching of Overseas Medical Students. Journal of Shanxi Medical University, 2006, 8(2): 132-134.
  7. 7. Wang NP, Liu XZ. The Research and Practice in Teaching Model to Foreign Medical College Students. Researches in Medical Education, 2006, 5(8): 724-725.
  8. 8. Xiao N, Liang ZQ, Yan XR. Experience on Teaching of Surgery general introduction of Overseas Medical Students. Journal of Guangxi Medical University, 2006(23): 227-228.
  9. 9. Ma ZM, Li YF. Analysis of Present Situation and Strategy Research on Teaching of Foreign Students in Xi’an Jiaotong University. Northwest Medical Education, 2005, 13(6): 620-621.
  10. 10. Zhou W, Xiong ZA, Zhou H, et al. Reflection on the Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Researches in Medical Education, 2005, 4(5): 331-332.
  11. 11. Zhou Y, Shen Q, Zhou YJ, et al. Teaching Practice on Biochemistry Teaching of Overseas Medical Students. Journal of Shanxi Medical University(Preclinical Medical Education Edition), 2006, 9(1): 27-29.
  12. 12. Chen P, Zang WJ, Lei L. Reform in Teaching for International Students at Chinese Colleges and Universities of Western Medicine. Northwest Medical Education, 2005, 13(4): 349-351.
  13. 13. Huang JE, Yu XJ, Fan LP, et al. Analysis of Learning Quality Influencing Factors of Foreign Students on English Teaching of Medical Courses. China Higher Medical Education, 2006(3): 2-4.
  14. 14. Shi SJ, Zhi JS, Shao H. Exploration on Systematic Anatomy Experiment Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Journal of Shanxi Medical University, 2006, 8(4): 416-417.
  15. 15. Sun YH, Li JH. Reflection on the Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Northwest Medical Education, 2006, 14(4): 468-469.
  16. 16. LIu H, Gao Q, Huo XW. Exploration on Bilingual Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Northwest Medical Education, 2006, 14(5): 558-559.
  17. 17. Shi HL. Application and Exploration on Bilingual Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Liaoning Education Research, 2006(1): 82-83.
  18. 18. Li XX, Zhong QP, Zi ZQ. PBL Teching Model is the Developing Trend of the Teaching to the Foreign Medical Students. Journal of Shanxi Medical University, 2006, 8(4): 380-382.
  19. 19. Shi PJ. To Promote Educational Reform in China and to Adapt to International Education Standard. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2005, 5(7): 505-508.
  20. 20. Ni CB. An Analysis of the Learning Needs of International Learners of Chinese in China. Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies, 2007(1): 68-76.
  21. 21. Zhong JJ, Li LL, Hai MT, et al. Practice and Reflection on the Teaching of Histology and Embryology to the Foreign Medical Students. China Higher Medical Education, 2006(9): 49-50.
  22. 22. Cao YQ, Liu J, Fan XL, et al. The research of physiology teaching content and methods for foreign students. China Medical Education Technology, 2003, 17(2): 79-81.
  23. 23. Lv ZR. Evidence-Based Medicine: the Highlighted Area of Medical Education in 21st Century. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2003, 3(4): 277-279.
  24. 24. Chen J, Li J, Li YP. Teaching Evidence-Based Medicine: a New Practice in Medical Education. Chin J Evid-Based Med, 2003, 3(4): 273-276.
  25. 25. Haskell RE. Academic Freedom, Tenure, and Student Evaluation of Faculty: Galloping Polls In The 21st Century. Education Policy Analysis Archives 1997, 5(6).
  26. 26. Heidi M. Anderson, Jeff Cain, Bird E. Online Student Course Evaluations: Review of Literature and a Pilot Study. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 2005, 69(1): 34-43.
  27. 27. Gotoh T, Ishikawa T, Luo S, et al. Student evaluation of faculty teaching in molecular anatomy course at Nippon Medical School: results of a questionnaire survey, Kaibogaku Zasshi, 2006, 81(3): 89-94.
  28. 28. ELZUBEIR M, RIZK D. Evaluating the quality of teaching in medical education: are we using the evidence for both formative and summative purposes? Medical Teacher, 2002, 24(3): 313-319.
  29. 29. Cornelius-White J. Learner-Centered Teacher-Student Relationships Are Effective: A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research, 2007, 77(1): 113-143.
  30. 30. Wahlqvist M, Skott A, Bjorkelund C, et al. Impact of medical students’ descriptive evaluations on long-term course development. BMC Med Educ, 2006, 6:24.
  31. 31. Davidovitch N, Soen D. Using students’ assessments to improve instructors’ quality of teaching. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 2006, 30(4): 351-376.
  32. 32. Louie B, Byrne N, Wasylenki D. From feedback to reciprocity. Developing a student-centered approach to course evaluation. Eval Health Prof, 1996, 19(2): 231-242.
  33. 33. Cohen PA. Student Ratings of Instruction and Student Achievement: A Meta-analysis of Multisection Validity Studies. Review of Educational Research, 1981, 51(3): 281-309.
  34. 34. 萬學(xué)紅, 張曉蘭. 醫(yī)學(xué)教育的循證研究. 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2006, 6(5): 318-320.
  35. 35. Hattie J, Timperley H. The Power of Feedback. Review of Educational Research, 2007, 77(1): 81-112.
  36. 36. Chen JY, Lee MC, Lee HS, et al. An online evaluation of problem-based learning (PBL) in Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan - a pilot study. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 2006, 35(9): 624-633.
  37. 37. Russell GC, Cordingley M. Using student, teacher and practice supervisor feedback to improve the quality of nurse education: how should we collect it and what should we do with it? J Adv Nurs, 1996, 24(5): 1042-1046.
  38. 38. Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 5, Statistical inference techniques for hypothesis testing with nonparametric data. Ann Emerg Med, 1990, 19(9): 1054-1059.
  39. 39. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, et al. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2003, 3(25).
  40. 40. Fink A, Kosecoff J, Chassin M, et al. Consensus methods: characteristics and guidelines for use. American Journal of Public Health, 1984, 74:979-983.
  41. 41. Straus S E, Richardson W S, Glasziou P, et al. Evidence based medicine. How to practice and teach EBM. the third edition: Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2005: 31-65.
  42. 42. 梁玉, 李金茹, 王俊艷. 醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生英語授課班教學(xué)體會(huì). 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)教育版), 2004, 6(4): 375-377.
  43. 43. 陳寧. 病理生理學(xué)留學(xué)生教學(xué)實(shí)踐及體會(huì). 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)教育版), 2006, 8(2): 132-134.
  44. 44. 王南平, 劉先哲. 留學(xué)生教學(xué)模式的探索與實(shí)踐. 醫(yī)學(xué)教育探索, 2006, 5(8): 724-725.
  45. 45. 肖南, 梁自乾, 嚴(yán)秀榮. 淺談臨床醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)外語班留學(xué)生外科學(xué)總論教學(xué)的體會(huì). 廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2006(23): 227-228.
  46. 46. 馬兆明, 李艷芬. 西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生教育現(xiàn)狀分析與對(duì)策研究. 西北醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2005, 13(6): 620-621.
  47. 47. 周瑋, 熊正愛, 周虹, 等. 醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生教學(xué)中的幾點(diǎn)思考. 醫(yī)學(xué)教育探索, 2005, 4(5): 331-332.
  48. 48. 周艷, 沈勤, 周亞軍, 等. 醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生生物化學(xué)教學(xué)實(shí)踐. 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)教育版), 2006, 9(1): 27-29.
  49. 49. 陳萍, 臧偉進(jìn), 雷莉. 中國西醫(yī)院校外國留學(xué)生教學(xué)改革思路. 西北醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2005, 13(4): 349-351.
  50. 50. 黃巨恩, 余仙菊, 范麗萍, 等. 醫(yī)學(xué)課程英語教學(xué)中外國留學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量影響因素的分析. 中國高等醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2006(3): 2-4.
  51. 51. 時(shí)淑娟, 智建生, 邵珩. 留學(xué)生系統(tǒng)解剖學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)初探. 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)教育版), 2006, 8(4): 416-417.
  52. 52. 孫艷華, 李紀(jì)紅. 關(guān)于醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生教學(xué)的體會(huì). 西北醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2006, 14(4): 468-469.
  53. 53. 劉浩, 高琴, 霍雄偉. 醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生雙語教學(xué)初探. 西北醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2006, 14(5): 558-559.
  54. 54. 施海龍. 雙語(英語) 教學(xué)模式在醫(yī)學(xué)留學(xué)生培養(yǎng)中的應(yīng)用及探討. 遼寧教育研究, 2006(1): 82-83.
  55. 55. 李曉霞, 鐘啟平, 訾自強(qiáng). PBL 教學(xué)模式是留學(xué)生教學(xué)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì). 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)教育版), 2006, 8(4): 380-382.
  56. 56. 石鵬建. 適應(yīng)醫(yī)學(xué)教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)國際化，積極推進(jìn)我國醫(yī)學(xué)教育改革. 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2005, 5(7): 505-508.
  57. 57. Sally W, Nalesnik, Jason O, Heaton, Cara H, Olsen, et al, Incorporating problem-based learning into an obstetrics/gynecology clerkship: Impact on student satisfaction and grades. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2004(190): 1375-1381.
  58. 58. Massonetto JC, Marcellini C, Assis PSR, et al. Student responses to the introduction of case-based learning and practical activities into a theoretical obstetrics and gynaecology teaching programme. BMC Medical Education, 2004, 4:26.
  59. 59. Hansen WF FK, Sipe CS, Sorosky J. Attitudes of faculty and students toward case-based learning in the third-year obstetrics and gynecology clerkship. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 192(2): 644-647.
  60. 60. Niemantsverdriet S, van der Vleuten CP, Majoor GD, et al. The learning processes of international students through the eyes of foreign supervisors. Med Teach, 2006, 28(4): e104-111.
  61. 61. Niemantsverdriet S, van der Vleuten CP, Majoor GD, et al. An explorative study into learning on international traineeships: experiential learning processes dominate. Med Educ, 2005, 39(12): 1236-1242.
  62. 62. 倪傳斌. 外國留學(xué)生漢語的學(xué)習(xí)需求分析. 語言教學(xué)與研究, 2007(1): 68-76.
  63. 63. 鐘近潔, 李琳琳, 海米提, 等. 留學(xué)生開設(shè)組織胚胎學(xué)課程的實(shí)踐與體會(huì). 中國高等醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2006(9): 49-50.
  64. 64. 曹英強(qiáng), 劉健, 樊小力, 等. 留學(xué)生生理課程教學(xué)內(nèi)容及方法的研究. 中國醫(yī)學(xué)教育技術(shù), 2003, 17(2): 79-81.
  65. 65. 呂卓人. 循證醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)該成為21 世紀(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)教育的重要內(nèi)容. 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2003, 3(4): 277-279.
  66. 66. 陳進(jìn), 李靜, 李幼平. 循證醫(yī)學(xué)教學(xué)——高等醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新教育實(shí)踐. 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2003, 3(4): 273-276.
  67. 67. TURHAN K, YARIS F, NURAL E. Does Instructor Evaluation by Students Using a Web-Based Questionnaire Impact Instructor Performance? Advances in Health Sciences Education, 2005(10): 5-13.
  68. 68. DAVID KEMBER, LEUNG DYP, KWAN KP. Does the Use of Student Feedback Questionnaires Improve the Overall Quality of Teaching? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 2002, 27(5): 411-425.
  69. 69. NASSER F, FRESKO B. Faculty Views of Student Evaluation of College Teaching. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 2002, 27(2): 187-198.
  70. 70. Nelia M. Afonso, Lavoisier J. Cardozo, Oswald A.J. Mascarenhas, et al. Are Anonymous Evaluations a Better Assessment of Faculty Teaching Performance? A Comparative Analysis of Open and Anonymous Evaluation Processes. Fam Med, 2005, 37(1): 43-47.
  71. 71. WORTHINGTON AC. Characteristics on Teaching Evaluations: a case study in finance education. 2002, 27(1): 49-64.
  72. 72. Shea JA, Bellini LM. Evaluations of Clinical Faculty: The Impact of Level of Learner and Time of Year. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 2002, 14(2): 87-91.
  73. 73. Margaret L Boehler, David A Rogers, Cathy J Schwind, et al. An investigation of medical student reactions to feedback: a randomised controlled trial. Med Educ, 2006, 40(8): 746-749.
  74. 74. 楊明山, 顧璜. 醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)“雙語教學(xué)”的若干問題. 中國高等醫(yī)學(xué)教育, 2003, (3): 8-10.
  75. 75. Crowley R, Gryzbicki D. Intelligent medical training systems. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 2006, 38:1-4.
  76. 76. 張鳴明. 參與WHO世界患者安全聯(lián)盟工作，迎接新挑戰(zhàn). 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2005, 5(12): 887-889.
  77. 77. Taipong Lam, Wan Xh, Ip MS-m. Current perspectives on medical education in China. Med Educ, 2006, 40(10): 940-949.
  78. 78. Michael Field, Geffen L, Walters T. Commentary: Current perspectives on medical education in China Med Educ, 2006, 40(10): 938-939.
  79. 79. 萬學(xué)紅, 姚巡, 卿平. 從“溫室”回歸“自然”：成人教育學(xué)理論對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)教育的啟示. 中國循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2007, 7(5): 327-329.